Torus Calculator (V = 2π²Rr²)

The calculator applies the exact formula V = 2π²·R·r², A = 4π²·R·r. Worked example: R = 4 cm, r = 1 cm → V = 78.96 cm³, A = 157.91 cm². Keep every input in one unit system and the result follows in cubic units (m³, ft³, liters); full precision is kept until the final rounding. Radius fields expect radii — halve any diameter before entering it.

1. 1

   Enter the measurements

   Type the values required by the formula for torus volume and surface.

2. 2

   Check the units

   One unit system throughout — cm, m, ft or in.

3. 3

   Read the result

   The calculator substitutes, evaluates and rounds only at the end.

• 1

  Volume scales with the cube of linear dimensions

• 2

  Convert results: 1 m³ = 1000 L, 1 ft³ = 7.48 US gal

• 3

  π ≈ 3.14159 — precision kept to the last step

• Mixing units (cm radius with m height)

• Entering a diameter where the formula wants a radius

• Forgetting the solid must be closed — check h > 0